Carbomers: Overview, Tips, & Recommendations

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CarbomerStructureCarbomers are an important class of materials every formulator should get familiar with. They are high molecular weight crosslinked polymers of acrylic acid with molecular weights of up to 3 – 4 billion Daltons. Without the crosslinks, the polymer would be a collection of linear polymer chains, physically intertwined but not chemically bonded. Carbomers are polymerized in ethyl acetate, cyclohexane, and typically used crosslinking agents are Pentaerythritol Polyallylether and Polyallyl Sucrose.

Carbomers are commonly used as super absorbers in disposable diapers. Learn more about Carbomers in the Prospector Knowledge Center.
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Extensively crosslinked Carbomers are commonly used as super absorbers in disposable diapers. Powdered Carbomers have a dry particle agglomerated size of 2-7 microns (primary particle size 50-200 nm). Dispersions are acidic with a PH of ~3 and when neutralized to a PH of 6-10, the particles swell to around 1000 times their initial volume and the viscosity dramatically increases due to charge repulsion. Salts can decrease viscosity by reducing the charge repulsion. Carbomers can also produce clear gels in water and ethanol due to refractive index matching.

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The original synthetic powdered alkali swellable Carbomer was trademarked as Carbopol (US patent 2798503) and commercialized in 1958 by BF Goodrich (now known as Lubrizol). Carbopol 940, 941, and 934 were breakthrough technologies that revolutionized how personal care products are formulated and created new types of products that were previously not possible to make.

Carbomer Advantages

  • Very efficient water thickening using <1% polymer (no electrolytes).
  • Can make aqueous or alcoholic clear gels.
  • Very efficient at suspending solids and stabilizing emulsions due to the high yield value of gels.
  • Can make emulsifier free oil in water crème gel formulations.
  • Can make stable water in oil in water emulsion.
  • Excellent skin feel (<.5%) and shear thinning rheology.

Carbomer Formulating Tips

  • Carbomers can easily be added to emulsions by addition to the oil phase prior to emulsification.
  • Easy to disperse powdered grades are preferred when dispersing directly into water.
  • Adding electrolyte or small amounts of acid to the water phase prior to Carbomer addition significantly improves its dispersion by reducing solution viscosity. Up to 5% dispersions of Carbomer in water can typically be made with this approach.
  • Use Triisopropanolamine (Dow Chemical) or Neutrol® TE (BASF) to neutralize Carbomer when gelling up to 90% ethanol.
  • Use granulated grades to reduce dusting issues during manufacturing.
  • Be very careful in qualifying new suppliers for an existing Carbomer. These rarely have the same performance characteristics.
  • Carbomers are more sensitive to shear after neutralization than before.
  • Carbomers are UV sensitive. You need to incorporate a UV absorber into gels when using clear packaging.

Key Suppliers

Recommended Materials

  • Ultrez 30 (Carbomer-Lubrizol) has significantly better electrolyte tolerance than other grades of Carbomer. High clarity and good skin feel are also claimed. A 1% dispersion with 1% sodium chloride has a viscosity of 9500-12000 cps.
  • Ultrez 10 (Carbomer- Lubrizol) is a universal Carbomer for broad application. It is also one of the best Carbomers for hydrogen peroxide stability. A .5% dispersion has a viscosity of 55K cps. Sumitomo Seika sells an equivalent called Aquapec 505ED

 

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119 Responses to “Carbomers: Overview, Tips, & Recommendations”

  1. Dear all,
    please be aware that Evonik is also marketing carbomers for longer time.
    Recently we introduced a new powdered carbomer type TEGO Carbomer 841 SER which is only thickening in the presence electrolytes.

  3. Thank you George for the mention of 3V who was one of the earliest manufacturers of Carbomer in Italy and the United States.

  4. Dear George
    I want to make a 0.1% clear suspension of Carbopol 971P NF in phosphate buffered saline having lowest possible viscosity. My intended use is its use as adjuvant in a synthetic vaccine and I need to sterilise the final solution by autoclaving.
    Kindly help

    Lalit

  5. Respected sir,
    Here I would like to ask u – what is difference between carbomer 940 & 980 ? As I m in formulation of lotions & creams which should be better to use so that I will get good consistency with cost Effectiveness
    Pls enlighten me in this
    Thank u very much

  6. dear george, I want to know if the carbomer, carbopol 940 is better the resultant mixed with Triclosant, in fact Tricosant is still authorysed for FDA to use in cosmetics products without damagge skin the human been ,tks!

  7. Hi dear george,
    I want to know any means of stabilizing carbomer gel..please help me in this scenario

  10. Please what is the oil-soluble carbomers i can apply to petroleum jelly cream so as to stop it from breaking when pressed in its plastic container?
    Carbopol is water-soluble. What are the wxa.ples of cosmetic-grade gums that can mix well in oil.
    Thank you.
    am realy impresswd by the answers you provide to seekers like me on your wonderful platform

  13. Carbomer is a swellable not a soluble polymer and forms clear gels due to refractive index matching. Things that can cause clouding include water immiscible emollients/solvents, high levels of solvents, not properly neutralizing to ~PH 7, and using the wrong grade of Carbomer.

  14. Dear Mr. Dasa, Carbopol 980 and 940 P NF polymer from Lubrizol is same in viscosity only the difference in solvent used in manufacturing of these polymers. For more infomation get in touch with representatives from Lubrizol advanced material across the world.

  15. Dear sir
    I want to ask about how to break foam when use Carbopol in water, give me some advise. Thanks !!!

  16. Try using an easy to disperse grade. These tend to produce less aeration. You also can try adding a few drops of phosphoric or Hydrochloric acid to your dispersion. That reduces the viscosity and lets the air come out. You can then neutralize.

  17. Hello
    While preparing cosmetic gel with carbapol 940 not getting good thickness and clear gel
    In other ways pls guide how to prepare clear cosmetic gel
    Which preservative to be used
    I use methyl paraben plain and propyl parabens plain
    Thanx

  18. The steps in making a good Carbopol 940 gel include
    -Making a good uniform dispersion without lumps
    -Neutralize to a PH of 6-7
    -Use only ,15% Methyl Paraben solubilized using 1-2% Proylene Glycol or Zemea before adding to the water phase

  20. How do I possibly reduce clear carbomer gel formulation to pH5 or 5.5 (or thereabout)?
    Thank you.

  22. my formulation containing lidocaine hcl, tannic acid, cetrimide and zinc chloride using carbopol 940 but not getting disireable viscosity how can i get clear solution/

  24. Can i use emulsified solution like polysorbate 20 to mix essential oils and than use carbomer

  25. Hello sir,can you please help me formulate ECG and ultrasound gel with the the help of carbomer.
    Is it conductive enough to transmit sound and electro waves?

  27. Hollo sir. Thanks a lot for your guides.
    Can you help me to make a carbomer based gel with zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, lactic acid and acetic acid? Whiche type of carbomer i should use?

  28. You need to use a different type of thickener like Xanthan gum since Carbomers are not compatible with divalent metal salts and loss viscosity in the presence of electrolytes.

  29. Sir,

    presently i am using sodium chloride to thicken my dish washing liquid and hand washes. for more thickening i brought carbopol 940 and made a 5% gel with it and added it in my products. but found suddenly lost its viscosity which allready i made with sodium chloride. kindly advise me when i can add carbopol while making my products using sles,CDEA,CAPB and LBSA.

    thanks

  30. Wrong choice for the thickener. Carbopol is very salt sensitive and loses viscosity with salt.

  31. dear george,

    can you please compare lubrizol carbopol 934 P stability vs acrypol ( corel pharma ) carbomer stability? what is the difference between both industrial carbomer and which is better.

    waiting to hear from you.

  33. Dear George

    I make sanitizers with Isopropyl alchohol . When I ad carbomer i good clear gel …but the product is sticky for at least 10_15sec after drying hands.

    What is causing this.

    What can I add to make it more smooth non sticky
    Susan ….Nairobi africa

  34. There’s not much you can do other than to add around 1% of a 5-50 cts Dimethicone to the formulation. The formulation however won’t be clear

  35. Hi George,
    We make an alcohol based hand sanitizer using Carbopol 940 and trichlosan.
    I want to replace the trichlosan with chlorhexadine as this is seen as a more “friendly’ antimicrobial. However when I replace the trichlosan with the chlorhexadine the product does not gel. I’ve done experiments and can confirm that the chlorhexadine that is causing this.

    Is there something else you might recommend we try?

    kind regards
    Kerrie

  37. Chlorhexadine is cationic and will interact and deactivate when mixed with Carbomer. Try Polyquaternium 37 (Synthalen CR-3V)

  40. Hello! I’m sorry to say that there are no thickening polymers available that can do this.

  41. Hi
    I am just starting to manufacture hand sanitizer. I am using IPA and carbopol 940. I am getting desired viscosity but I am not getting clear liquid. I am also adding BKC and glycerine to the solution. Using triethanol amine to neutralize. Would appreciate if you can guide on what to do inorder to get clear liquid
    Thank you.

  42. Hi there. Thank you for your comment.

    BKC is not compatible with Carbomer.

    Thank you,
    George

  43. Thank you George. It worked. So what can I use instead of BKC. I do not want to use triclosan.

  45. Hi Winfred!

    You need around .8g Carbomer to make 100 grams of sanitizer.

    Thank you,
    George

  46. You can use Benzalkonium Chloride if you use Synthalen CR (Polyquaternium 67-3V) as a thickener which is cationic compatible.

  47. Hello sir I’m making a hand sanitizer and I used I. P. A and cabomer, it came out very thick but the moment I added water or more isoproply the gels no longer become transparent/translucent please help thank you

  48. Hi Esther.

    Carbopol gels are clear because of refractive index matching. Using 65-70% Ethanol or IPA should give you a clear gel if you neutralize using 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol.

    Thank you,
    George

  49. hello sir, i’m making a sanitizer with IPA 70% and carbomer. then i neutralized it with TEA (triethanolamine). but after i add TEA, white clump appear instead of gelling process. why its happen? is that anything that i need to extra careful like stir or amount of IPA used?

  50. Hi George, I’m making IPA 70% gel using carbopol 940 at 0.5% and when using TEA to neutralize I’m getting precipitation of the acrylates, no gelling and a sticky liquid mess! I also. Tried neutralizing with pot hydroxide and get same result. Can I add the carbo to the alcohol phase then water? Am I shearing the carbopol when mixing with water?thanks in advance for your help.

  51. Hello I need to know if I can use carbomer 340 for making alcohol based hand sanitizer. Thank you!

  52. Hi, Paris.

    You should use Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer.

    Thank you,
    George

  53. Hi, Mary.

    Yes you can use Carbopol 940 if you use an organic neutralizer like AMP, TEA, or TRIS Amino.

    Thank you,
    George

  54. Hi again George! Is there any difference between 940 and 340? Because I only have 340 carbomer… thanks a lot for the answer!

  56. Dear George,
    What kind of antibacterial carbides can you use? I have used all kinds of antibacterial but to break the carbomer circuit

  58. Hi

    How can I decrease stickness?? Use carbopol 981. Ph 6.8. I use glycerin at 0.5% and Tea as neutralizing agent.

    Does other neutralizing agent makes a difference??

  59. Hi there!

    Carbomers are not compatible with cationic antiseptics like benzalkonium chloride and benzethonium chloride.

    Thanks,
    George

  60. Hi, John.

    No, the type neutralizer won’t make much difference. A Carbopol 981 gel containing .5% Glycerin should not be very tacky.

    Thank you,
    George

  61. Im making Hand sanitizers using carbomer, 99% IPA, TEA, Hydrogen peroxide, distilled ater and Glycerin. However, I got a sticky solution and not Gelly. When I neutralize with TEA a cloudy solution is formed and after a while I find coagulates. What is the right amount of Carbomer to be added o produce 10L hand sanitizer? How can I form a transparent gel? is the TEA able to neutralize the 99% Alcohol?
    Thank you

  62. Hi, Eddie. Thanks for reading! TEA will not gel 99% alcohol.

    Thanks,
    George

  63. Thanks George for your prompt reply. I m starting with 99% Alcohol to end with 70-75% alcohol.

  64. Hi SIr.
    How can i get a clear gel of 75% IpA with carbomer 980 with TEA..can i use another neutralizing agent?plz help..
    Regards:
    Saeed

  65. Hi Saeed:

    Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer works better than Carbomer as a thickening agent for sanitizer gels.

    Thank you,
    George

  66. 1. Hi george. I am making gel hand sanitizer with ethanol, TEA and carbopol 940. I want to add 80% ethanol, for which i have taken following concentration for 100 ml hand sanitizer

    carbopol 940 0.16g
    TEA 0.16 ml
    Ethanol (93%) 42 ml
    Water 7.84 ml
    but i am getting milky solution. But it is ok for me. Just i need 80% ethanolic content in my gel.

    2. I also want to make gel sanitizer with 75% IPA, carbopol 940 and TEA. Please guide me as i have only TEA and caustic as a neutralizer. Please guide me.

  67. thanx George.
    where i get AACP C10-30 ..trade name?more over will TEA work properly with this coploymer?
    Regards:
    Saeed

  68. hi george .According to ur formulatio AACP you are recomended 60+10 EA & IPA.
    I need only 75% IPS..Kindly suugest.
    Saeed

  69. Hi, Omer.

    Thanks for reading! Try using less alcohol. You only need 60% to work as a sanitizer.

    Thank you,
    George

  71. Yes,u can use sodium hydroxide instead of TEA provided Caustic Solution shall add in one lot ( app.5% in dilute state ) instead of conc.under stirring at least @ 100 rpm speed.

  72. Hi george!
    I want to gel 85% ethanol (of 95% purity) with ethanol, TEA and carbopol 940 but it ends up milky emulsion which gets clear when water is added to it.
    Please suggest me a way to get clear gel with 85% ethanol without adding so much water.
    Should I change TEA or something else?
    Kind Regards

  73. Hi, Saeed. Thanks for reading. I assume you are referring to Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer. See UL Prospector for supplier listings.

  74. Hi, Rehman.

    Use less alcohol. You only need 60% to make antiseptic claims.

    Thanks for reading,
    George

  75. Dear George

    Once the carbomer is neutralized and becomes a gel, can additional neutralizer be added to increase viscosity t salvage the production in case the batch prepared is not thick enough?

  76. Hi, Justin.

    The optimum viscosity for Carbomer gels occurs at a PH of ~6-7. If the batch viscosity is too low, it is possible to add more Carbomer if you slurry the unneutralized Carbomer in water first before adding it to the batch. You will also need to add additional neutralizer.

    Thanks for reading!
    George

  77. Dear George

    I have experienced same challenge and sometimes the sanitizer has air bubbles in it. WHO recommends the use of 96% ethanol to get 82% ethanol (v/v). you are correct about 60% ethanol being okay but if you want to do to WHO recommendation, they seek 75-85%. How can I achieve this?

  78. The easiest way to do this is to use Hydroxypropyl cellulose or Hydroxypropyl Guar as a thickener. They will gel 100% Ethanol.

    Thanks for reading,
    George

  81. Tell me please. I use carbomer 340 with 65% isopropyl alcohol and TEA as a neutralizer. The solution is cloudy and the polymer precipitates. Absolutely not thick (

  82. Hi, Jane.

    Carbomer 934P / 974P are USP grades that can be used for oral preps.

    Thanks for reading.
    George

  83. Try using Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer neutralized with AMP.

    Thanks for reading.
    George

  84. carb 340 purchased in large quantities. I can not use another (
    I know that 340 should work. But I do not understand why it does not work even with 65% alcohol.

    I knead it separately in the water. Therefore, they add to the prepared mixture of alcohol, water. glycerol and lanolin. And after neutralizing TEA (~ 0.2%). And it precipitates.

    Moreover, this precipitate perfectly thickens water without alcohol.

  85. Good day.

    I would leave out the Lanolin and use AMP as a neutralizer.

    Thank you for reading!
    George

  86. Dear George, trust you are doing great.
    Dissolving my Carbopol 940 in water for gel hand sanitizer gives me a very sticky and stretchy gel. With the addition of ethanol and TEA, it becomes watery and sticky. I’d like to know why this is so.
    Kindly assist with the right formulation for 70% gel hand sanitizer using carbopol 940.
    Thanks.

  87. Good day.

    The best thickener to use for 70% Ethanol is Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer neutralized using AMP or Quadrol (BASF). The tackiness of sanitizer gels is caused by the thickener level. You can also try adding 2-3% of a polyol like Zemea to reduce tack. Quadrol will also work better than the TEA to neutralize Carbopol 940.

    Thanks for reading,
    George

  88. George, Which carbomer is suitable for ECG Gel and at what concentration? same way, Which carbomer is suitable for Ultrasound Gel and at what concentration?

  89. Hi, Amit.

    Any neutralized Carbomer will work. The concentration is dependent on the viscosity you want and is typically around .6%

    George

  90. Dear George.
    Please clarify your comment “you only need 60% to work as a sanitizer”. Where in the world is that sufficient?! Are we talking volume or weight percentage?
    In Europe is 70% vol % minimum to comply with standard EN1500, including min 30 sec of hand exposure. And even that has proven not to be sufficient in all cases. Hence 85% is recommended.
    What is you view on using Carbopol 980 for 85% vol alc with 9% vol of Glycerin… what neutralizer is needed/recommended? We do not want gel… just a soap like viscosity (around 250 cP?).

  92. HI, Michael:

    In the US, 60% Ethanol by weight is the minimum necessary to make antiseptic claims for hand sanitizers as per the OTC monograph. Many companies use 60-70%. Using Carbopol 980 for 85% vol Ethanol with 9% vol of Glycerin will most likely produce a tacky gel. When using this much Ethanol, you probably need to use Quadrol (BASF) as a neutralizer for the Carbomer.

    Thanks for reading,
    George

  93. Hi George,

    Small query we tried what you mentioned on a test sample and attained the desired levels of viscosity. However, after 2 weeks of keeping a check on the gel we noticed that the gel is slowly losing viscosity again. It has not turned into a liquid but is far from what it was when we packed it. Is there a reason this happens?

    Thanks

  94. Hi, Justin.

    Carbomer clear gels are sensitive to UV and lose viscosity. Keep in an opaque package or add ~.1% UV absorber to the formulation.

    Thanks for reading,
    George

  95. Hi Again George, here’s a little cry for help.

    And again… thank you for sharing your knowledge!
    As mentioned above we make high alcohol content hand disinfectants and as many others, we are new to this.
    We have a situation I don’t know how to address.
    Since we where stuck with the 940 Carbomer and the AMP 2000 Ultra, we lowered the alcohol level down to around 80% w/w. That should work according to the Lubrizol tech sheet (https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/10005795/formulating-hydroalcoholic-gels-with-carbopol-technical-lubrizol).
    The 940 content was approx 0.27% and the AMP about the same as the tech sheet suggested.
    We did one test (1 liter) and everything seemed ok… snowflakes where formed instantly but dissolved after some mixing. But when we did a 190 liter batch everything went south.
    The Carbomer dissolved after approx 30 min mixing, an overnight rest, and then 15 more minutes of mixing.
    But when we added the AMP ta sow storm developed in the liquid. The powder was “falling out” of the mixture and clumped together. We assumed that the alcohol level was to high so we added more water.
    Then the liquid turned into a thick gel, which was not or intention. We only wanted to add some viscosity for user friendliness. Now the mixture is to thing to mix (the mixing blades spinning at the bottom of the barrell with a surface that does not even move. Plus the the white clumps are still there.
    Is there anything we can do to save this batch?

  96. PS. We added the 940 after we mixed IPA, Ethanol, Water and Glycerol (0.75%). Is that our mistake. Should we have mixer the Carbomers and water first and then added the alcohol mixture? Also we used the same level of agitation for all mixing… including when adding the AMP. Right or wrong?

  97. Hi, Michael.

    I would disperse the Carbomer in water than add Ethanol and Glycerin. For 80% Ethanol the Neutral TE (BASF) is a much better neutralizer than AMP. Also make sure the AMP is dissolved in water or Ethanol before adding.

    Thanks for reading!
    George

  98. Using HPMC to thicken at .7% it seems to leave a film kn the hands what can be done?

  99. Hi George,

    Good Day.

    From your experience is there any negatives to having carbomer wetted for a week or longer? The carbomer solution does become a lot thicker but will there be any consequences to using it in formulation?

  100. Hi, David.

    Try using Hydroxypropyl Cellulose.

    Thanks for reading,
    George

  101. Hi, Justin

    Should be ok as long as it gels without lumps and has acceptable viscosity. Test neutralized in water first at .5% and see if the viscosity is in spec.

    Thanks for reading!
    George

  102. order of addition makes a huge difference. make sure to fully incorporate the carbomer into the water and glycerin before adding alcohol. Some formulas say to neutralize just the carbomer and water with tea prior to adding alcohol and other excipients.

  103. Hi, Lisa:

    That will work if the alcohol is 60-65%. May not work as well at higher levels. If you use Neutral TE (BASF) you can gel over 90% alcohol.

    Thanks for reading!
    George

  104. Hi George,

    I am trying to manufacture gel based hand sanitizer.

    I am using following things.

    Ethanol (95%) – 74% (so effective alcohol is 70%)
    Glycerine – 1.5%
    Fragrance 1%
    Distilled water – 23.5%
    Carbomer 940 (2 gm for 1 Ltr of final product)
    TEA as neutralizer

    Process:

    Adding carbomer 940 to water. After dispersion, alcohol is added followed by glycerine and finally TEA is added to get gel not so thick. Fragrance is finally added to it.

    However, the gel remains cloudy and I don’t get clear gel. Please help me to get a crystal clear gel. Is it because of carbomer?

    I have gone through ingredients of many hand sanitizers using same thickening agent and neutralizer but have a clear gel. Please help.

  105. Hi Dear,
    I am using Ultrez 21 Lubrizol in my sanitizer as gelling agent but after neutralization i am not getting crystal clear gel like water. I am using TEA as neutralizer and 85 % Alcohol. Please suggest me how to get clear crystal gel like water.
    Thanks

  106. Hi HARSHAD.

    Try increasing the PH to 7.5-8. AMP or Neutrol TE as a neutralizer may also work better.

    Thanks for reading!
    George

  107. Hi AFTAB:

    Try increasing the PH to 7.5-8. AMP or Neutrol TE as a neutralizer may also work better.

    Thank you for reading,
    George

  108. Hi George,

    Thanks for your reply.

    Currently I use 1 ml TEA in 1 litre final product. Should I increase it to 2 ml per litre as I use 2 gm carbopol in 1 litre final product.

  109. Hi, Harshad:

    The PH of Carbomer gels should be around 7

    Thanks for reading!
    George

  110. Hi mentor,
    Is it possible to get AMP, Acrylates/ C10-30 alkyl Acrylates cross polymer and Quadrol (BASF) and ZEAMEA in Nigeria?

  111. Thanks for reply and guiding me. I have used Neutrol TE (BASF) for neutralization but i am not getting crystal gel like water a little turbidity is shown in gel. But in Cool & Cool sanitizer there is no any turbidity.

  112. Hi, Idowu:

    I’m sorry. I can’t help since I know nothing about the personal care ingredient supply chain in Nigera.

    Thanks for reading,
    George

  114. At what suitable ratio of Alcohol and water at which white crystal gel hand sanitizer to prepare, as we have noticed that when we increase the quantity of Alcohol upto 84% it become turbid. We normally use Carbopol Ultrez 21 @ 0.35% and neutrilizing with TEA and Neutrol TE.

  115. Hi, Kamran:

    Should work using an ethoxylated amine or Neutrol TE as a neutralizing agent if the PH is 7.5.

    Thanks for reading,
    George

  116. In our hand sanitizer, we first dispersed carbomer 940 (0.25%) in distilled water with a mixing speed of about 1000 rpm. Then added 75% IPA in slower speed.. then added glycerine. checked the pH. Adjusted the pH to around 6.00 by TEA. Then added Hydrogen peroxide. Gel becomes turbid. If we lower the alcohol content GEL is clear. How can I obtain the clear Gel with 75% IPA in the mixture.Pl. deliver your expertise in the matter. Thank You.

  117. Hi, Pradyot:

    Add the Carbomer to water/Glycerin then slowly add IPA and adjust the PH to 7.5. If this doesn’t work, you will need to use a different neutralizer like AMP or Neutrol TE (BASF).

    Thanks for reading,
    George

  118. Dear sir
    I’ve used carbopol to make sanitizer gel. Unfortunately it forms a precipitation on adding 75% isopropanol. I’m using TEA as the neutralizer kindly advice on where I went wrong.
    Gladys

  119. Per George Deckner: Please try using Neutrol TE as a neutralizer at a PH of 7.5.

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